2. Getting Started

The following gives a short overview how to write and use Spicy parsers. We won’t use many of Spicy’s features yet, but we we’ll walk through some basic code examples and demonstrate typical usage of the Spicy toolchain.

2.1. Hello, World!

Here’s a simple “Hello, world!” in Spicy:

module Test;

print "Hello, world!";

Assuming that’s stored in hello.spicy, you can compile and execute the code with Spicy’s standalone compiler spicyc:

# spicyc -j hello.spicy
Hello, world!

spicyc -j compiles the source code into native code on the fly using your system’s C++ compiler, and then directly executes the result. If you run spicyc -c hello.spicy, you will see the C++ code that Spicy generates behind the scenes.

You can also precompile the code into an object file, and then load that for immediate execution:

# spicyc -j -o hello.hlto hello.spicy
# spicyc -j hello.hlto
Hello, world!

To compile Spicy code into an actual executable on disk, use spicy-build:

# spicy-build -o a.out hello.spicy
# ./a.out
Hello, world!

spicy-build is a small shell script that wraps spicyc -x and runs the resulting code through the system’s C++ compiler to produce an executable.

Note

_images/hilti-logo.png

Internally, Spicy employs another intermediary language called HILTI that sits between the Spicy source code and the generated C++ output. For more complex Spicy grammars, the HILTI code is often far easier to comprehend than the final C++ code, in particular once we do some actual parsing. To see that intermediary HILTI code, execute spicy -p hello.spicy. The .hlto extension comes from HILTI as well: It’s a HILTI-generated object file.

2.2. A Simple Parser

To actually parse some data, we now look at a small example dissecting HTTP-style request lines, such as: GET /index.html HTTP/1.0.

Generally, in Spicy you define parsers through types called “units” that describe the syntax of a protocol. A set of units forms a grammar. In practice, Spicy units typically correspond pretty directly to protocol data units (PDUs) as protocol specifications tend to define them. In addition to syntax, a Spicy unit type can also specify semantic actions, called hooks, that will execute during parsing as the corresponding pieces are extracted.

Here’s an example of a Spicy script for parsing HTTP request lines:

my_http.spicy
module MyHTTP;

const Token      = /[^ \t\r\n]+/;
const WhiteSpace = /[ \t]+/;
const NewLine    = /\r?\n/;

type Version = unit {
    :       /HTTP\//;
    number: /[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/;
};

public type RequestLine = unit {
    method:  Token;
    :        WhiteSpace;
    uri:     Token;
    :        WhiteSpace;
    version: Version;
    :        NewLine;

    on %done {
        print self.method, self.uri, self.version.number;
    }
};

In this example, you can see a number of things that are typical for Spicy code:

  • A Spicy input script starts with a module statement defining a namespace for the script’s content.

  • The layout of a piece of data is defined by creating a unit type. The type lists individual fields in the order they are to be parsed. The example defines two such units: RequestLine and Version.

  • Each field inside a unit has a type and an optional name. The type defines how that field will be parsed from raw input data. In the example, all fields use regular expressions instead of actual data types (uint32 would be an actual type), which means that the generated parser will match these expressions against the input stream. Assuming a match, the corresponding value will then be recorded with type bytes, which is Spicy’s type for binary data. Note how the regular expressions can either be given directly as a field’s type (as in Version), or indirectly via globally defined constants (as in RequestLine).

  • If a field has a name, it can later be referenced to access its value. Consequently, in this example all fields with semantic meanings have names, while those which are unlikely to be relevant later do not (e.g., whitespace).

  • A unit field can have another unit as its type; here that’s the case for the version field in RequestLine; we say that Version is a subunit of RequestLine. The meaning for parsing is straight-forward: When parsing the top-level unit reaches the field with the subunit, it switches to processing that field according to the subunit’s definition. Once the subunit is fully parsed, the top-level unit’s next field is processed as normal from the remaining input data.

  • We can specify code to be executed when a unit has been completely parsed by implementing a hook called %done. Inside the hook’s code body, statements can refer to the unit instance currently being parsed through an implicitly defined self identifier. Through self, they can then access any fields already parsed by using a standard attribute notation (self.<field>). As the access to version shows, this also works for getting to fields nested inside subunits. In the example, we tell the generated parser to print out three of the parsed fields whenever a RequestLine has been fully parsed.

  • The public keyword exposes the generated parser of a unit to to external host applications wanting to deploy it. Only public units can be used as the starting point for feeding input; non-public subunits cannot be directly instantiated by host applications.

Now let us see how we turn this into an actual parser that we can run. Spicy comes with a tool called spicy-driver that acts as a generic, standalone host application for Spicy parsers: It compiles Spicy scripts into code and then feeds them its standard input as data to parse. Internally, spicy-driver uses much of the same machinery as spicyc, but provides additional code kicking off the actual parsing as well.

With the above Spicy script in a file my_http.spicy, we can use spicy-driver on it like this:

# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | spicy-driver my_http.spicy
GET, /index.html, 1.0

As you see, the print statement inside the %done hook wrote out the three fields as we would expect (print automatically separates its arguments with commas). If we pass something into the driver that’s malformed according to our grammar, the parser will complain:

# echo "GET XXX/1.0" | spicy-driver my_http.spicy
[fatal error] terminating with uncaught exception of type spicy::rt::ParseError: parse error: failed to match regular expression (my_http.spicy:7)

Using spicy-driver in this way relies on Spicy’s support for just-in-time compilation, just like spicyc -j. In the background, there’s C++ code being generated and compiled without that we see it. Just like in the earlier example, we can also either use spicyc to precompile the C++ code into an object file that spicy-driver can then load, or use spicy-build to give us an actual executable:

# spicyc -j -o my_http.hlto my_http.spicy
# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | spicy-driver my_http.hlto
GET, /index.html, 1.0

# spicy-build -o a.out my_http.spicy
# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | ./a.out
GET, /index.html, 1.0

Spicy also comes with another tool spicy-dump that works similar to spicy-driver, but prints out the parsed fields at the end, either in a custom ASCII representation or as JSON:

# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | spicy-dump my_http.hlto
MyHTTP::RequestLine {
    method: GET
    uri: /index.html
    version: MyHTTP::Version {
        number: 1.0
    }
}

# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | spicy-dump -J my_http.hlto
{"method":"GET","uri":"/index.html","version":{"number":"1.0"}}

If you want to see the actual parsing code that Spicy generates, use spicyc again: spicyc -c my_http.spicy will show the C++ code, and spicyc -p my_http.spicy will show the intermediary HILTI code.

Note

See Zeek’s Spicy documentation for how to use the RequestLine parser with Zeek.

2.3. Custom Host Application

Spicy parsers expose a C++ API that any application can leverage to send them data for processing. The specifics of how to approach this depend quite a bit on the particular needs of the application (Is it just a single, static parser that’s needed; or a set not known upfront, and compiled dynamically? Just a single input stream, or many? All data in one buffer, or coming in incrementally? How does the application want to access the parsed information?). That said, the most basic use case is quite straight-forward: feeding data into a specific parser. Here’s a small C++ program that parses input with our RequestLine parser:

my_http.cc
#include <iostream>

#include <hilti/rt/libhilti.h>
#include <spicy/rt/libspicy.h>

using spicy::rt::fmt;

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    hilti::rt::init();
    spicy::rt::init();

    spicy::rt::Driver driver;
    auto parser = driver.lookupParser("MyHTTP::RequestLine");
    assert(parser);

    try {
        std::ifstream in("/dev/stdin", std::ios::in);
        driver.processInput(**parser, in);
    } catch ( const std::exception& e ) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    }

    spicy::rt::done();
    hilti::rt::done();
    return 0;
}

# spicy-build -S -o a.out my_http.cc my_http.spicy
# echo "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0" | ./a.out
GET, /index.html, 1.0
# echo 'Hello, World!' | ./a.out
parse error: failed to match regular expression (my_http.spicy:7)

We are using -S with spicy-build because we’re providing our own main function.

The code in my_http.cc is the core of what spicy-driver does if we ignore the dynamic JIT compilation. See Custom Host Applications for more.